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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 

- 160 - 


INSTRUCTIONS 


J.JLJL 


FOR RESEARCH RELATIVE TO THE 


ETHNOLOGY AND PHILOLOGY 


AMERICA. 


PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


BY 

GEORGE GIBBS. 

*» 



WASHINGTON: 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: 

MARCH, 1863. 





CONTENTS. 


Introductory Remarks.1 

Ethnology . 2 

Crania . . . . . . . . . .2 

/ 

Specimens of art, etc...4 

Hints for Ethnological inquiry ....... 7 

Philology. 13 

Introductory remarks . . . . . . - . .13 

9 

Orthography.17 

Vowels . . 18 

Consonants .......... 18 

Comparative vocabulary . .... . . . .20 














INSTRUCTIONS 


RELATIVE TO THE 

ETHNOLOGY AND PHILOLOGY 
OF AMERICA. 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

TnE Smithsonian Institution is desirous of extending and 
completing its collections of facts and materials relative to the 
Ethnology, Archaeology, and Philology of the races of mankind 
inhabiting, either now or at any previous period, the continent of 
America, and earnestly solicits the cooperation in this object of all 
officers of the United States government, and travellers, or resi¬ 
dents who may have it in their power to render any assistance. 
Full credit will always be given for contributions received. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary S. I. 

Smithsonian Institution, 

Washington, March 1,1863. 



2 


ETHNOLOGY. 


ETHNOLOGY. 


Crania. —Among the first of the desiderata of the Smithsonian 
© 

Institution, is a full series of the skulls of American Indians. 

The jealousy with which they guard the remains of their friends 
renders such a collection in most cases a difficult task, but there 
are others in which these objects can be procured without offence. 
Numerous tribes have become extinct, or have removed from their 
former abodes; the victims of war are often left where they fall; and 
the bones of the friendless and of slaves are neglected. Where, with¬ 
out offence to the living, acquisitions of this kind can be made, they 
will be gladly received as an important contribution to our knowledge 
of the race. 

Various methods of disposing of the dead have prevailed among 
different tribes, as burning, burial, deposit in caves, in lodges, beneath 
piles of stone, and in wooden sepulchres erected above-ground, pla¬ 
cing on scaffolds or in canoes, and attaching to the trunks of trees. 
In many instances the bones, after a season, are collected together 
and brought into a common cemetery. Where the first-mentioned 
form, that of burning, is followed, we must, of course, look to chance 
for the preservation of the remains. This method is, however, more 
rare than the others. 

It is requisite, for the purpose of arriving at particular results, that 
the most positive determination be made of the nation or tribe to 
which a skull belongs. In extensive prairie countries, hunted over or 
traversed by various tribes, or where, as on the Pacific coast, several 
tribes, and even stocks inhabit a district of limited extent, this is often 
difficult, or even impossible. Unless, therefore, information of a direct 
nature is obtained, the collector should be guarded in assigning abso¬ 
lute nationality to his specimens. It will be better to state accurately 
the locality whence they are derived, and the owners or frequenters of 
the neighborhood, to one of which they are likely to belong. Where 
several specimens are collected, each should be numbered to corres¬ 
pond with a catalogue in which the above points are mentioned; 
as also whether it was found in a grave or other place of deposit, 






ETHNOLOGY. 


3 


the character of the ornaments and utensils placed with it, and 
whether it was in its original place or had been combined with 
others. Finally, it should be ascertained whether the tomb was that 
of existing or recent inhabitants of the country, or of more ancient 
date,—such, for example, as the mound-builders of the Ohio; and, in 
this latter case, if the remains are those of the original inhabitant, 
or have been since deposited. In this inquiry the character of the 
articles buried with the body will often furnish a clue. The same 
precaution should be adopted where tribes have been removed from 
their native regions to a different locality. In short, where any doubt 
exists in the mind of the collector, all those circumstances should be 
examined into which in the absence of direct testimony, will facilitate 
a conclusion as to origin. 

It may be mentioned in this connection, that among some nations, it 
is the custom to marry out of the tribe, as a matter of policy. Skulls 
of women found in the cemeteries of one of these might therefore 
very probably belong to an adjoining tribe, and, possibly, to one of 
an entirely different stock. In such cases, too, there can be no cer¬ 
tainty that the men themselves are of the pure blood of one race, and 
it is, therefore, important to ascertain if this custom exists. Among 
those tribes where flattening or altering the head is common to both 
sexes, particular suspicion should attach to any having the skull un¬ 
altered. This process is usually a mark of rank, or at least of freedom, 
and an unaltered skull, if found in a burial-place or well-marked re¬ 
ceptacle, may almost be assumed to be that of a stranger; if neglected, 
it is probably that of a slave. But as slaves were often buried with their 
•owners, even this is not a positive conclusion. Among some of the 
Pacific tribes, however, compression of the head is confined to females, 
or is, at any rate, only carried to any considerable extent among them. 
Slaves are sometimes of the same tribe with their owners, but they are 
more frequently purchased from others; and it should be noted that 
on the Pacific the course of the trade has been from south to north. 

In order to ascertain whether differences of form exist among dif¬ 
ferent stocks, the accumulation of as many specimens as possible of 
each tribe is desirable, and duplicates moreover afford the means of 
extending the collection by exchange. 

Skulls which have been altered in shape possess a certain interest 
in themselves, though they are in other respects disadvantageous 
for comparison. The practice, in different forms, formerly existed 
more widely than at present, several tribes in the southern States, as 
the Natchez, &c., having been addicted to it. Two methods are still 


4 


ETHNOLOGY. 


employed in North America: that of flattening the head by pressure 
on the forehead, as practised among the Chinooks and other tribes in 
Oregon and Washington Territory, and that of elongating it, peculiar 
to a few on the northern end of Vancouver island. 

Specimens of Art, etc. —Another department to which the In¬ 
stitution wishes to direct the attention of collectors, is that of the 
weapons, implements, and utensils, the various manufactures, orna¬ 
ments, dresses, &c., of the Indian tribes. 

Such a collection may naturally be arranged under three periods. 
The first, that of the races which had already passed away before the 
discovery of the continent by Europeans, or w r hose extinction may be 
considered as coeval with that event; next, of the tribes who have 
disappeared with the settlement of the Atlantic States and the country 
between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi; and finally, that of the 
present time, or that of the yet existing nations, confined to the north¬ 
ern and western portions of the continent and -to Mexico. 

It is among the last that the greatest variety exists, and of which 
it is especially important to make immediate collections, as many 
articles are of a perishable nature, and the tribes themselves are 
passing away or exchanging their own manufactures for those of the 
white race. It is hardly necessary to specify any as of particular in¬ 
terest, for almost every thing has its value in giving completeness to a 
collection. Among the most noticeable, however, are dresses and 
ornaments, bows and arrows, lances, war-clubs, knives, and weapons 
of all kinds, saddles with their furniture, models of lodges, parflesh 
packing covers and bags, cradles, mats, baskets of all sorts, gambling 
implements, models of canoes (as nearly as possible in their true pro- • 
portions), paddles, fish-hooks and nets, fish-spears and gigs, pottery, 
pipes, the carvings in wood and stone of the Pacific coast Indians, 
and the wax and clay models of those of Mexico, tools used in dressing 
skins and in other manufactures, metates or stone mortars, &c., &c. 

In making these collections, care should be taken to specify the 
tribes from which they are obtained, and where any doubt may exist, 
the particular use to which each is applied. Thus, for instance, among 
the Californians, one form of basket is used for holding water; another 
for sweeping the seeds from various plants and grasses; a third, as 
their receptacle during the process of collection; a fourth, for storage; 
still another, in which to pound the seeds; again, one to boil the por¬ 
ridge made from the flour; and finally, others as dishes from which 
the preparation is eaten. It will also be desirable to ascertain the 
Indian names given to each article. 


ETHNOLOGY. 


5 


Of the second class, the remains are also numerous, and are scat¬ 
tered through all the States east of the Mississippi, in the form of axes, 
arrow-heads, sinkers for nets, fleshing chisels, and other implements 
of stone, and in some cases fragments of rude pottery. 

To the first class belong the only antiquities of America, and these 
are of various descriptions. They include the tools found in the nor¬ 
thern copper-mines ; the articles inclosed in the mounds of Ohio and 
elsewhere; the images common in Kentucky and Tennessee, indicat¬ 
ing, among other things, the worship of the Phallus; pottery, the 
fragments of which are abundant in Florida, the Gulf States, and on 
the Gila, connecting an extinct with an existing art; and especially 
those specimens frequently disinterred in the Mexican States, belong¬ 
ing to the era of Aztec or Toltecan civilization. It i^ especially im¬ 
portant to ascertain the antiquity of these by careful observation of 
the circumstances under which they are discovered, in order not to 
confound ancient with •modern utensils. 

To this class also belong those articles found under conditions 
which connect archaeology with geology, and which may be classed 
as follows: 

1. The contents of shell beds of ancient date found on the sea- 
coasts and bays, often deeply covered with soil and overgrown with 
trees; among which, besides the shells themselves, implements of stone, 
bones of fish, animals, and birds used for food, are frequently met with. 
The examination of these collections in Denmark and other countries 
of northern Europe has led to the discovery of remains belonging to 
a period when a people having no other implements than those of 
stone or bone occupied the coast prior to the settlement there of the 
present race. It is possible that a similar investigation in America 
may carry us back to a very remote period in aboriginal history. 

2. Human remains, or implements of human manufacture, bone§ of 
animals bearing the marks of tools or of subjection to fire, found in 
caves beneath deposits of earth, and more especially of stalagmite or 
stony material formed by droppings from the roof. 

3. Spear and arrow heads, or other weapons, and evidences of fire 
discovered in connection with bones of extinct animals, such as the 
mammoth, fossil elephant, &c., among superficial deposits, such as 
salt-licks, &c. 

4. Implements of the same description found in deposits of sand 
and gravel, or other like material, exposed in bluffs or steep banks, 
such us have recently attracted the attention of European geologists. 

In all these cases the utmost care should be taken to ascertain with 


6 


ETHNOLOGY. 


absolute certainty the true relations of these objects. In the case of 
the shell-banks, the largest trees, where any exist, should, if practi¬ 
cable, be cut down and the annual rings counted. Next, the depth 
of the superincumbent deposit of earth should be measured, and its 
character noted, whether of gravel, sand, or decomposed vegetable 
matter; as also whether it has been stratified by the action of water. 
Next, the thickness of the shell-bed should be ascertained, and the 
height of its base above present high-water mark; as also whether it 
exhibit any marks of stratification. Finally, the' face of the bed 
having been uncovered, a thorough examination should be made, 
commencing at the top and carefully preserving all objects which 
exhibits signs of human art, and noting the depth in the deposit at 
which they were discovered. Specimens of each species of shell 
should be collected, and all bones or fragments of them saved* Evi¬ 
dences of the use of fire should be watched for and recorded. 

In the search of caverns, the same system should be followed. 
First, the floor should be inspected for any recent remains either of 
men or animals; next, the superficial earth should be carefully re¬ 
moved over a considerable space and thoroughly examined at various 
depths, the results, if any, being kept separate, and marked according¬ 
ly. Where a stalagmitic deposit, such as is common in limestone 
caverns, forms the floor, it must be broken up and its thickness meas¬ 
ured. The underlying materials should then be cautiously removed 
and sorted over, each layer being kept by itself; and where any re¬ 
mains are discovered, the utmost precaution should-be taken to deter¬ 
mine their actual circumstances. If, for instance, they are bones of 
men, it should be ascertained whether the skeleton is entire and in a 
natural position, indicative of having been buried there, or scattered, 
as also its position relative to any other remains, whether under or 
over them; if of animals,.whether they exhibit the marks of tools, 
and above all, evidences of the employment of fire. * Every fragment 
of bone or other evidence of animal life should be preserved and 
marked with the order of its succession in depth. 

The same precautions should be taken in the other cases mentioned, 
the conditions under which the objects are found, and ,the depth and 
character of covering of each being noted, and full sets of specimens 
sent for examination. 

Besides collecting the articles heretofore mentioned, persons able to 
make the investigations, are invited to report the information sought 
in the following paper prepared by the late Prof. W. W. Turner. 


4 


ETHNOLOGY. 


7 


Hints for Ethnological Inquiry. 

Inquiries of this description have the two-fold object of ascertaining 
the present condition of these tribes and their past history. Although 
both branches of the investigation have of course a mutual bearing 
upon each other, yet the former has more of a practical, the latter 
more of a scientific character; the former is comparatively easy, the 
latter environed with difficulties. In examining into the numbers, 
physical and mental characteristics, and actual condition of the Indian 
tribes, we are accumulating data for beneficent, legislative, and philan¬ 
thropic action in their behalf. The work, moreover, is a mere matter 
of observation, to be accomplished with the requisite expenditure of 
time and labor to almost any degree of minute accuracy that may be 
desired. On the contrary, any reliable knowledge of ante-Columbian 
events, that is now attainable, can, from the nature of things, be only 
general in its character, and the fruit of laborious induction from the 
comparison of many diverse particulars. As none of the tribes of this 
continent, not even the most advanced, ever arrived at the grand and 
fruitful idea of an alphabetic character for commemorating their 
thoughts and deeds, almost their entire history previous to the advent 
of Europeans is left a mysterious blank. To ascertain, if possible, the 
origin of the aboriginal population of this portion of our globe, to trace 
the migrations and conquests of the various nations that composed it 
from one part of the continent to another, to disclose their supersti¬ 
tions, their manners and customs, their knowledge of the arts of war 
and peace—in short, to place before us a moving panorama of America 
in the olden time—such is the purpose which the scientific ethnologist 
has in view, and to accomplish which he neglects no source of infor¬ 
mation that promises to cast even a single ray of light into the obscu¬ 
rity with which the subject is surrounded. 

Names of tribes .—In addition to the name by which a tribe calls 
itself, it is desirable to ascertain those which are given to it by sur¬ 
rounding tribes together with the literal meaning of each name. 

Geographical position .—Give as accurately as may be the size of the 
territory, whether mainland or island, belonging to each tribe; its 
climate, soil, and general character; also its animal, vegetable, and 
mineral productions. 

Number .—What is the number of individuals in the tribe ? State, 
if you can, the number of adult males, females, and children respec- 


8 


ETHNOLOGY. 


tively. Has the number of the tribe increased or diminished to any 
remarkable extentand if so, to what cause is the change owing? 

Physical constitution. —It is essential to notice the general stature 
of the people, the form of their bodies generally, and the proportions 
of their limbs; the form of the skull and the facial angle; the features; 
have these any thing which distinguishes them from other people ? 
What are the color and texture of their skin and hair ? What beard 
have they? What is the color of their eyes? Are they generally 
handsome or ugly ? Have they much or but little muscular strength ? 
Are they remarkable for the peculiar perfection of any of their organs, 
as that of sight,»of hearing, of smelling; or for any corporeal faculties, 
as speed in running, facility of climbing, of diving and remaining long 
.under water, or for nimbleness and dexterity, or the reverse ? What 
is the ordinary durationof life among them? It is highly desirable, 
also, that photographs should be taken of individuals of each tribe. 

Picture-writing , etc. —A full description is desirable of any modes 
that the natives may practise of recording events or communicating 
ideas by sensible signs, especially paintings or picture-writings, how¬ 
ever rude, whether on pieces of bark or skin, on their dwellings or 
implements, on rocks, &c. When tho object itself containing the 
record cannot be secured and brought away, exact drawings of the 
figures should be taken, colored after the originals. Every circum¬ 
stance respecting the locality and people among whom found should 
be noted down, together with the interpretations of the natives 
(endeavoring in all cases to have the independent testimony of more 
than one), when attainable. 

Press. —State the materials, colors, and fashion of their dresses and 
ornaments. Do they paint themselves; and if so, with what materials ? 
Do they paint variously on different occasions, as on festivals and 
before going to war? Give specimens of the figures they employ, 
especially of any that may be distinctive of the tribe or band. The 
same of tattooing, if practised. Some tribes of the northwest make 
large incisions in the under lip, others flatten the heads of their infants 
by compression; all such things should be observed and accurately 
noted respecting each tribe. * 

Food. —Describe the materials of which it consists, with the mode 
of procuring it, as by hunting, fishing, collecting roots, berries, &c. 
Do they practise agriculture at all; if so, to what extent; and what 
grains, roots, etc., do they cultivate ? Do they rear any domestic ani¬ 
mals ? Do they make any stimulating drinks of their own; and are 
they fond of tobacco or any other narcotic ? 




ETHNOLOGY. 


9 


Dwellings. —Are these permanent or movable; of what materials 
are they constructed, and how ? Are they entirely above or partially 
under ground; what is their interior arrangement ? Drawings of 
both exteriors and interiors should be made, so as to give an accurate 
idea of their peculiarities. On whom does the labor of construction fall, 
tthe men or the women; and in case of migration, is the entire struc¬ 
ture removed, or only the outside covering? When a number of 
dwellings are placed near each other, as when a tribe encamp together 
on a spot, is any regular mode of arrangement observed ? Have they 
any buildings set apart for public purposes, as business, amusement, or 
worship; and how are they constructed ? » 

Arts. —An exceedingly interesting branch of inquiry, and one too 
often overlooked or but imperfectly attended to by travellers, is pre¬ 
sented to us in the primitive industrial arts of the aborigines. Of what 
materials is the pottery composed; is any of it turned on a wheel; 
how are the materials compounded; is the ware burned completely or 
partially; is it glazed or not ? How is it ornamented ? Have they 
any utensils of stone; and if so, what is the material? Of what ma¬ 
terials are their arrow and spear heads manufactured, and what is the 
process ? Are there individuals whose business it is to make them ? 
Do they make any articles of metal; and if so, of what metals, and 
what is their mode of working them ? How and by what means do 
they produce' fire ? Their modes of spinning, weaving, and dyeing, 
and the materials and implements used, are of great interest. What 
are their modes of trapping animals and taking fish; and how are 
their implements for these purposes constructed ? Do they still retain 
the bow and arrow, or have they wholly or partially abandoned them 
for the use of firearms ? The construction and mode of using all their 
implements should be described, and complete collections made of 
them. Their performances, too, in the way of what may be called the 
fine arts, merit attention; such as their drawings and paintings on 
smooth rocks or the barks of trees, or their vessels, their dwellings, 
etc.; and their carvings in wood and stone, as on pipe-bowls, paddles, 
bows, etc., etc. If native melodies should be discovered among them, 
they should by all means be noted down, together with the words sung 
with them. 

Trade. —Do they carry on any traffic with each other, or with the 
whites ? If so, of what articles does it consist, and how is it conduct¬ 
ed ? Have they any common standard of value which approaches the 
nature of money ? 

Religion. —What is the nature of their religious belief, as far as it 


10 


ETHNOLOGY. 


can be ascertained ? What are tlie objects of their worship ? Have 
they any idea of a Creator of all things; and do they give any account 
of the creation ? Do they worship the sun, fire, or the serpent ? What 
becomes of men and animals after death ? Are there any persons of 
the character of priests set apart for the performance of religious cer¬ 
emonies ? If so, how are they supported, and in what general esti¬ 
mation are they held ? Have they a sacred fire, and is it kept per¬ 
petually burning ? 

Government. —Is the tribe commanded by the same chief or chiefs 
in peace and in war, or by different ones ? What is the extent of a 
chief’s authority; and how does he acquire it, by birth or by the choice 
of the people? What are the insignia of his office, and what his 
privileges ?. Who are entitled to speak in the councils of the tribe ? 
What laws have they; for instance, what are the punishments for 
theft, for adultery, for murder; and by whom are punishments inflict¬ 
ed ? 

Social life. —Is slavery known among them ? Is female chastity 
prized? What is the treatment of women by their husbands; of 
children by their parents? What is the division of labor between 
husband and wife ? What festivals have they ? enumerate them by 
their native names, and describe their import, and the manner in 
which they are celebrated. What ceremonies do they observe at 
births, marriages, and funerals? Are women obliged to live apart 
during their monthly terms, or after giving birth to a child ? At what 
age do marriages take place, and what degrees of consanguinity are 
prohibited ? May a man marry into the same band or tribe to which 
he belongs, or must he go to another for a wife ? Do children belong 
to the tribe of the father or of the mother ? Is polygamy practised ? 
Do the several wives stand on a footing of equality, or is one superior 
to the rest; and if so, why ? How is the body disposed of after death; 
and what articles, if any, are buried with it ? 

War .—Do the warriors array themselves in a peculiar attire and 
join in the war-dance before setting out ? What are their weapons ? 
What is their treatment of captives, especially if females ? Do they 
practise scalping, and shave their own heads, all but the scalp-lock ? 

Medicine. —Are there any persons in the tribe whose profession it 
is to practise the cure of diseases, or is this a part of the business of 
the priest, or so-called ‘‘medicine-man?” What is their mode of 
treating the principal complaints? Do they practise blood-letting, 
tooth-pulling, or any other surgical operations ? What plants do they 
use as remedies, and. for what complaints is each one applied ? It is 


ETHNOLOGY. 


11 


hardly necessary to say that collections of such plants and their seeds 
should be made for cultivation and experiment at home. 

Literature .—Have they any thing partaking of the nature of a lit¬ 
erature among them; that is, have they any songs, tales, fables, and 
especially any historical legends? If they have, an endeavor should 
be made to record and preserve them; not so much for the informa¬ 
tion they may directly convey, as for the insight they must necessarily 
afford into the mental idiosyncrasy of the people. If there is any one 
capable of writing the language, it is much to be wished that these 
things should be set down in the original words, as well as an English 
translation. • 

If the Indians, like many tribes in the older States, use pictorial im¬ 
ages for the purpose of recalling to memory the themes and general 
tenor of their songs, &c., specimens should be collected and delineated, 
and accompanied by copies of the documents they are intended to il¬ 
lustrate. 

Calendar and Astronomy .—What divisions of time are in use among 
the Indians ? How many days do they reckon to a month, and how 
many months to the year ? What names are given to these days, and, 
to the months; and what are the literal meanings of the names? 
Have they any length of the natural year ? What names do they 
give to individual stars and constellations, particularly to those of the 
zodiac; and how do they account for eclipses ? How do they ascer¬ 
tain and name the points of the compass ? Have they any theory re¬ 
specting the nature and motions of the stars, and respecting the causes 
of wind, rain, hail, snow, thunder, <fec. ? 

History .—Have the tribe, as far as their knowledge extends, always 
lived on their present territory; if not, from what direction did they • 
come, and to what other tribes do they state themselves to be related ? 
What changes have been introduced among them by intercourse with 
the whites? With what tribes have they bpen, and are they now, at 
war ? Give the name of their principal chief, and of any other emi¬ 
nent men among them, and of their predecessors, as far as they are 
remembered. 

Antiquities. —Earthworks, of various forms and dimensions, and for 
various purposes, as for defence against enemies, for watch-towers, for 
funeral monuments, have been found in great numbers in the valley of 
the Mississippi and elsewhere; and an examination of their structure 
and contents has disclosed a variety of the most interesting facts re¬ 
specting the races that erected them. If time and opportunity bo 
afforded of properly examining one of them, it is highly desirable that 


12 


ETHNOLOGY. 


it should bo done. When a mound is opened, every particular respect¬ 
ing its position, size, form, and structure, should be noted down on the 
spot, the description being assisted by drawings of the ground-plan 
and elevation; and an accurate list should be taken of all the articles 
found in it. Such as are taken should be properly labelled, and kept 
by themselves, with the same care that is observed with respect to 
objects of natural history. When, however, the work cannot be 
thoroughly done, it is better to leave the mound unopened for a more 
favorable opportunity. 


PHILOLOGY. 


13 


PHILOLOGY. 


In view of the importance of a uniform system in collecting words 
of the various Indian languages of North America, adapted to the 
use of officers of the government, travellers, and others, the following 
is recommended as a Standard Vocabulary. It is mainly the 
one prepared by the late Hon. Albert Gallatin, with a few changes 
made by Mr. Hale, the Ethnologist of the United States Exploring 
Expedition, and is . adopted as that upon which nearly all the 
collections hitherto made for the purpose of comparison have been 
based. For the purpose of ascertaining the more obvious relations 
between the various members of existing families, this number is 
deemed sufficient. The remote affinities must be sought in a wider 
research, demanding a degree of acquaintance with their languages 
beyond the reach of transient visitors. 

The languages spoken within the .limits of the United States, in 
which the greatest deficiencies exist, are those of the tribes comprised 
in the States of California and Texas, and the Territories of Utah, 
Nevada, and New Mexico, and to these attention is particularly 
directed. It is not intended, however, to confine the collection to the 
languages of the United States. Those of British and Russian Amer- 
ica and of Mexico, particularly the western coast, fall within the pur¬ 
pose of this ci icular; and the alphabet may, in fact, with certain local 
adaptations, be used in any region. 

Some of the words contained in it will of course be* found inap¬ 
plicable in particular sections of the country; as, for example, ice, 
salmon, and sturgeon among the southern tribes, buffalo among the 
coast tribes of the Pacific, and such should at once be omitted. 

"Where several languages are obtained by the same person in one 
district, the inquirer may substitute for these the names o£ familiar 
things, taking care that the same are carried through them all, and 
that they are those of native and not imported objects. Such words 
as coat, hat, etc., are of course useless for purposes of comparison, 
unless it is explained that they refer to the dress of deer-skin, the hat 
of basket-work used by the natives, and of their own primitive 
ufacture. 



14 


PHILOLOGY. 


As the languages of savage nations, being unwritten and without 
fixed standard, are subject to constant change, the number of dialects 
is everywhere considerable. The collector is therefore recommend¬ 
ed to obtain vocabularies in each dialect; and for the greater cer¬ 
tainty, to employ one of those already collected, on the correctness of 
which reliance can be placed, as the medium of obtaining others. 

Whenever leisure and opportunity offer for the collection of larger 
vocabularies than that here given, it will of course be desirable to 
procure them; as also information concerning the grammatical struc¬ 
ture of the language, such as the modes of forming the plurals in 
nouns and adjectives, their declension, the conjugation of verbs, the 
character and use of pronouns, the number and employment of 
adverbs, prepositions, &c. Grammars and dictionaries, never yet 
published, were made of many of the languages of Upper and Lower 
California and, the Mexican States by the Spanish missionaries, and 
the Smithsonian Institution has been favored with the loan of several 
manuscripts which are in the course of publication. It is desired to 
procure others, or copies of them, whenever it is possible, from all 
parts of both the American continents, or of printed works on the 
same subject. The present form is issued for the use of travellers or 
merely transient residents among tribes where no such records are 
procurable. 

In making collections, the utmost care is requisite to represent ac¬ 
curately the sounds of unfamiliar languages, particularly those which 
to us appear uncouth; and the inquirer should satisfy himself, by 
repetition of the words to other individuals, that he has correctly ac¬ 
quired their pronunciation. While the assistance of interpreters con¬ 
versant with the language is desirable to insure a correct understand¬ 
ing, the words themselves should be taken dowi from the lips of an 
Indian of the tribe. A great difference indeed exists among Indians 
in the purity with which they speak their own language, chiefs and 
men of note and women of good standing, as a general thing, speaking 
more correctly than common persons. Great patience is necessary to 
secure accuracy, as their attention soon becomes fatigued by being 
kept on tjie stretch. Whenever this is observed to be the case, it is 
best to postpone the subject for a time, if possible. 

The character of the Indian mind is so essentially different from 
that of the white man, they think in so different a manner, that many 
precautions are necessary to avoid giving them wrong impressions of 
our meaning, and of course obtaining incorrect replies. 

Indians not only distinguish by different names the degrees and 




PHILOLOGY. 


15 


modifications of relationship, such as the elder from the younger 
brother and sister, but women use different words from'men in ad¬ 
dressing their relations; as, for instance, a man employs one word in 
saying “my father,” and a woman another. Again, different words 
are, at least in some languages, used in speaking of one’s parents from 
those used in speaking to them. It is, therefore, necessary either to 
give each form, or to specify by what sex and in what sense the words 
are used. Further to prevent uncertainty, it is preferable to employ 
the possessive pronoun in connection with the word, as given in the 
vocabulary, e. g., “ my father,” &c.; and this is, in fact, in consonance 
with Indian practice. 

Their languages are deficient in generic terms, or those representing 
classes of objects. Thus very few possess words equivalent to “ tree,” 
“ bird,” “ fish,” &c., though names will be found for every particular 
species, as each kind of oak and pine, of duck or salmon; and of cer¬ 
tain animals, such as deer, there will be found, besides the specific 
name, black or white-tailed deer, as the case may be, separate words 
signifying buck, doe, and fawn, as with us. It is, therefore, essential 
in obtaining such names, to ascertain definitively the object intended, 
and to note this in the vocabulary. 

This tendency to particularize extends to almost every class of ob¬ 
jects. In regard to parts of the body, it has been found that in many 
languages there is no one word for arm or leg, but separate ones for 
the upper arm, and that below the elbow; for the thigh, and that part 
below the knee. Even of the hands and feet there are often no names 
embracing the whole. So, too, the words “ leaf,” “ bark,” are repre¬ 
sented by distinct names, according to their character, as broad and 
needle-shaped leaves, the woody and fibrous barks. Sheath and pocket 
knives and the various forms of canoes have in like manner each their 
specific names. 

In respect to particular words, the following points may be noted : 

Man. This must be carefully distinguished from the word “ per¬ 
son,” the collective of which is “people,” i. e ., Indians. 

Boy, Girl , Infant. The answer often given for these is simply 
“little man,” “little woman,” “little one.” 

Husband and wife. Distinct words exist in most languages for 
these relationships; in others, it would seem as if there was only “ my 
man,” “ my woman.” 

Indians , people. Care must be taken that the name of the tribe i3 
not given. 


2 


PHILOLOGY. 


Head, A very common mistake to be guarded against is tbe sub¬ 
stitution of hair or scalp. 

Face. The name for the forehead or eyes is, in some cases, em¬ 
ployed for the whole face. 

Neck. Throat is apt to be given instead of neck. 

In naming parts of the body, as well as relationship, it will be found 
a very common practice with Indians to prefix the pronoun “ my” to 
each one, as “ my head,” &c. The recurrence of the same syllable at 
the beginning of each word will indicate this. 

Town , village. Generally speaking, the same word is given as for 
house, or it is rendered “ many houses.” In New Mexico, pueblo 
would have a different meaning from the habitations of the wild tribes. 

Warrior. Among the tribes of the Pacific coast, where there is no 
distinctive class of warriors, this is frequently rendered “ strong man,” 
“ quarrelsome,” &c. 

Friend is a word of very indefinite meaning. Instead of it, “ cousin,” 
or “ one liked,” will often be given. 

Sun and moon. Curiously enough, these, among several tribes, 
bear the same name and are actually supposed to be the same. Others 
use for moon u night sun.” 

The Seasons. These words have been retained, though it is ques¬ 
tionable if they have a very definite signification with Indians. The 
names of particular months, or “ moons,” warm or cold weather, or 
the periods in which particular occupations are followed probably, in 
most cases, replace them. 

River , lake. For these simply the word “ water” will often be 
given, as, among tribes of limited range, their own river or lake is 
“ the water” which they best know. 

Mountain. “Rock” is frequently the translation. Some tribes, 
again, apply a special name to snow, peaks. 

The colors. The idea of color seems to be indistinct, dark blue and 
dark green having, in many languages, the same name as black, and 
yellow the same as light green. 

Old and young. Care should be taken that the words for “old 
man,” “young man,” are not supplied; or, on the other hand, “worn 
out,” and “ new,” as is often the case. 

Alive is frequently rendered “ not dead.” 

Cold , warm. Here, again, caution is requisite, as cold or warm 
iceather may be given instead. 

Yesterday and to-morrow. In some languages, a single word is used 
for both, the distinction being made only by the connection. 



PHILOLOGY. 


17 


Numerals. Many tribes go no farther in counting than ten, and 
among those of California, it is said, some have no names for numbers 
beyond five. Others, on the contrary, have different sets of numerals, 
or rather their numerals have different terminations, one class being 
used in ordinary counting, the other applying to men, money, &c. 

Pronouns . The personal pronouns are of two classes, one simple 
or absolute, the other variously called fragmentary and copulative. 
These last are used only in composition, as in the form of prefixes 
and suffixes to the verbs. 

Verbs . It is a matter of dispute whether the Indian verb has any 
true infinitive mood, as “ to go,” “ to eat,” &c., and its simplest form 
appears to be, in all cases, the third person singular present, “ he goes,” 
“ he eats.” It will be better, therefore, to obtain either this form or 
that of the first person, “ I go,” &c. The last will be found often to 
be combined with the copulative pronoun. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

It is, of course, essential to the proper understanding by others of 
the words collected, especially in view of general comparisons, that a 
precise and fixed system of spelling should be used, and this is more 
so where the usual language of the collector is English than where 
French or Spanish, as there is far less certainty in the pronunciation 
of the first than of these last. In English, for instance, four different 
sounds are given as belonging to the letter a , viz.: those in far, fall , 
fat, fate. As regards the simple vowels, the difficulty can be partly 
remedied by employing the Spanish or Italian sounds, as given be¬ 
low, and a further advantage will be found in separating the words 
into syllables and marking the principal one with an accent, thus; 
Da-ko'-ta. There are, however, in every language, sounds peculiar to 
itself, and the different Indian tongues abound in them, many being 
almost beyond our capacity to imitate and certainly to write, without 
some addition to the ordinary alphabet. Various systems, contem¬ 
plating a universal alphabet, or one applicable to all languages, have 
been devised, each having its peculiar merits ; but the great difficulty, 
never fully overcome, has been to represent intelligibly such un¬ 
familiar sounds without confusing the inquirer with new characters or 
numerous marks, or, again, by employing several letters to represent 
a single sound. The alphabet here recommended for adoption, with¬ 
out pretending to remedy these defects, will at least prove an assist¬ 
ance to the collector in the field. Should it be necessary to repre- 


18 


PHILOLOGY. 


sent other sounds, not included below, it will be better for him to 
adopt some arbitrary mark of his own, describing fully its value or 
meaning. 

VOWELS. 

a as long in father, and short in German hat (nearly as in Eng¬ 
lish what). 

e as long in they (“ long a” in face), short in met. 

i “ “ “ marine, short in pin. 

o “ “ “ go, short in home, whole (as generally pronounced in 

the northern States). 

u as long in rule (oo in fool), short in full (oo in good). U as in 
union, pure, &c.; to be written yu. 
a as in all (aw, au in bawl , taught), 
a “ “ fat. 

u “ “ but (o in love, oo in blood). 
ai “ “ aisle (“ long in pine). 

au as ow in now, ou in loud. 

The distinction of long and short vowels to be noted, as far as pos¬ 
sible, by the division into syllables, joining a following consonant to a 
short vowel, and leaving the vowel open if long. Where this is in¬ 
sufficient, or where greater distinctness is desirable, a horizontal mark 
above, to indicate a long vowel, a curved mark a short one, thus: a, 
a, e, e, &c. A nasal syllable, like those found so commonly in French, 
to be marked by an index, n, at the upper right-hand corner of the 
vowel; thus o n , a n , a n , u n , will represent the sounds of the French on, 
an or en, in, and un, respectively. 

CONSONANTS. 


b as in English blab. 

c not to be used excepting in the compound ch ; write k for the 
hard sound, s for the soft. 
d as in English did. 

f “ “ “ fife. 

g “ “ “ gig, never for the soft sound, as in ginger; for 

this use always j. 

h as in English how, hoe, handle. 
j “ u “ judge. 

e u M “ kick. 


» 





f 


PHILOLOGY. 


19 


Y 

Z 

ft 

SH 

ZH 

CH 

TH 

DH 

KH 

GH 


as in English lull. 

u u < 


mimic. 
noon. 


II u 


pipe. 

not to be used : for qu write lew. 
as in English rear. 

u 


ll u 
ll ll 


sauce. 
tight, 
vow. 


u M u wayward. 

not to be used : write ks or gz, according to the sound, in wax , 
example. 

as in English yow, year. 

“ “ “ sea/, fez. 

as ng in English, singing. 
as in English shall, shoe. 
as z in azure , s in fusion. 
as in English church. 

“ “ “ truth. 

as, th in the , wi$. 

a surd guttural aspirate, the German ch in ach , ZocA, and 
sometimes approaching that in ich , recht , bucher. 
a sonant guttural aspirate (Arabic ghain) ; other compounds, 
like the clucks occurring in Chinook, &c., to be represented 
by tkl, ilk , &c., according to their analysis. 


20 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 


PHILOLOGY. 


COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 


ENGLISH. 

Name of tribe. 

man 1 

woman 2 

boy 3 

girl 4 

infant 5 

my father (said by son) 6 

my father (said by daughter) 7 

my mother (said by son) 8 

my mother (said by daughter) 9 

my husband 10 

my wife 11 

my son (said by father) 12 

my son (said by mother) 13 

my daughter (said by father) 14 

my daughter (said by mother) 15 

my elder brother 16 

my younger brother 17 

my elder sister 18 

my younger sister 19 

an Indian 20 

people 21 

head 22 

hair 23 

face 24 

forehead 25 

ear 26 

eye 27 

nose 28 

mouth 29 


SPANISH. 

Nombre de la tribit. 

hombre 

mujer 

muchacho 

muchacha 

nino 6 nina. 

mi padre (dice el hijo) 
mi padre (dice la hija) 
mi madre (dice el hijo) 
mi madre (dice la hija) 
mi marido 
mi esposa 

mi hijo (dice el padre) 

mi hijo (dice la madre) 

mi hija (dice el padre) 

mi hija (dice la madre) 

mi hermano mayor 

mi hermano menor 

mi hermana mayor 

mi hermana menor 

Indio 

gente 

eabeza 

pelo 

cara 

frente 

oreja 

ojo 

nariz 

boca 






1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 


PHILOLOGY. 


21 


COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. 


FRENCH. 


Nom de la tribu. 


homme 

1 

femme 

2 

garcon 

3 

fille 

4 

enfant 

5 

mon pere (dit le fils) 

6 

mon pere (dit la fille) 

7 

ma mere (dit le fils) 

8 

ma mere (dit la fille) 

9 

mon mari 

10 

mon epouse 

11 

mon fils (dit le pere) 

12 

mon fils (dit la mere) 

13 

ma fille (dit le pere) 

14 

ma fille (dit la mere) 

15 

mon frere aine 

16 

mon frere cadet 

17 

ma soeur ainee 

18 

ma soeur cadette 

19 

sauvage 

20 

peuple 

21 

tete 

' 22 

clieveux 

23 

figure 

24 

front 

25 

oreille 

26 

oeil 

27 

nez 

28 

bouche 

29 


% 


LATIN. 

Nomen nationis. 
vir, homo 
mulier 
puer 
puella 
infans 

pater meus (dicit films) 
pater meus (dicit filia) 
mater mea (dicit filius) 
mater mea (dicit filia) 
sponsus meus 
uxor mea 

filius meus (dicit pater) 

filius meus (dicit mater) 

filia mea (dicit pater) 

filia mea (dicit mater) 

frater meus natu major 

frater meus natu minor 

soror mea natu major 

soror mea natu minor 

Indus 

populus 

caput 

crinis 

facies 

frons 

auris 

oculus 

nasus 

os 



22 


PHILOLOGY. 



ENGLISH. 


SPANISH. 



Name of tribe. 


Nombre de la tribu. 


30 

tongue 

30 

lengua 


31 

teeth 

31 

dientes 


32 

beard 

32 

barb a 


33 

neck 

33 

cuello 


34 

arm 

34 

brazo 


35 

hand 

35 

mano 


36 

fingers 

36 

dedos 


37 

thumb 

37 

dedo pulgar 


3S 

nails 

38 

unas 


39 

body- 

39 

cuerpo 


40 

chest 

40 

pecho 


41 

belly 

41 

barriga 


42 

female breasts 

42 

pechos de mujer 


43 

leg 

43 

pierna 


44 

foot 

44 

pie 


45 

toes 

45 

dedos del pie 


46 

bone 

46 

hueso 


47 

heart 

47 

corazon 


4S 

blood 

48 

san of re 

O 


49 

town, village 

49 

pueblo, villa, aldea 


50 

chief 

50 

jefe 


51 

warrior 

51 

guerrero 


52 

friend 

52 

amigo 


53 

house 

53 

casa 


54 

skin lodge 

54 

casa de cueros 


55 

kettle 

55 

caldera 


56 

bow 

56 

arco 


57 

arrow 

57 

flecha 


58 

axe, hatchet 

58 

hacha 


59 

knife 

59 

cuchillo 


60 

canoe 

60 

canoa 


61 

moccasins 

61 

zapatos Indios 


62 

pipe 

62 

pipa 



























30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 


PHILOLOGY. 


23 


FRENCH. 

Nom de la Iribu. 


LATIN. 

Nomen nationis. 

langue 

30 

lingua 

dents 

31 

dentes 

barbe 

32 

barba 

cou 

33 

collis 

bras 

• 34 

brachium 

main 

35 

manus 

doigts 

36 

digit! 

ponce 

37 

digitus pollex 

ongles 

38 

ungues 

corps 

39 

corpus 

poi trine 

40 

sternum 

ventre 

41 

venter 

mamelles 

42 

ubera 

jambe 

43 

crus 

pied 

44 

pes 

doigts du pied 

45 

digiti pedis 

os 

46 

os 

coeur 

47 

cor 

sang 

48 

sanguis 

bourg, village 

49 

oppidum, pagus 

capitaine 

50 

dux 

guerrier 

51 

miles 

ami 

52 

amicus 

maison 

53 

domus 

loge de peaux 

54 

tentorium e pellibc 

chaudiere 

55 

lebes 

arc 

56 

arcus 

flecbe 

57 

sagitta 

bacbe 

58 

ascia 

couteau 

59 

culter 

canot 

60 

scapha Indica 

souliers de sauvage 

61 

calceamenta Indica 

pipe 

62 

tubus nicotianus 

\ 


/ 


24 PHILOLOGY. 



ENGLISH. 


SPANISH, 


Name of tribe. 


Nombre de la 

63 

tobacco 

63 

tabaco 

64 

sky 

64 

cielo 

65 

sun 

65 

sol 

66 

moon 

66 

luna 

67 

star 

67 

estrella 

68 

day 

68 

dia 

69 

night 

69 

noche 

70 

morning 

70 

man an a 

71 

evening 

71 

tarde 

72 

spring 

72 

primavera 

73 

summer 

73 

verano 

74 

autumn 

74 

otono 

75 

winter 

75 

inviemo 

76. 

wind 

76 

viento 

77 

thunder 

77 

trueno 

78 

lightning 

78 

relampagc 

79 

rain 

79 

lluvia 

80 

snow 

80 

nieve 

81 

fire 

81 

fuego 

82 

water 

82 

as:ua 

O 

83 

ice 

83 

hielo 

84 

earth, land 

84 

tierra 

85 

sea 

85 

mar 

86 

river 

86 

rio 

87 

lake 

87 

lago 

88 

valley 

88 

valle 

89 

prairie 

89 

llano 

90 

hill, mountain 

90 

ccrro, montana 

91 

island 

91 

isla 

92 

stone, rock 

92 

piedra, roca 

93 

salt 

93 

sal 

94 

iron 

94 

hierro 

95 

forest 

95 

bosque, selva 


/ 


PHILOLOGY. 


25 


FRENCH. 
Nom de la tribu. 

63 tabac 

64 ciel 

65 sol 

66 lime 

67 etoile 

68 jour 

69 nuit 

7 0 matin 

71 soir 

72 printemps 

73 ete 

7 4 automne 
75 liiver 
7 6 vent 
77 tonnerre 
7 8 eclair 

79 pluie 

80 neige 

81 feu 

82 eau 

83 glace 

84 terre 

85 mer 

86 fleuve, riviere 

87 lac 

88 vallee' 

89 prairie 

90 cote, montagne 

91 ile 

92 pierre, roche 

93 sel 

94 fer 

95 foret 


LATIN. 

Nomen nationis. 

63 nicotianum 

64 coelurn 

65 sol 

66 luna 

6 7 stella 

68 d ; es 

69 nox 

7 0 tempus matutiuum 
71 vesper 

7 2 ver 

73 sestas 

74 autumnus 
7 5 hibernus 

76 ventus 

77 tonitru 

78 fulgur 

79 pluvium 

80 nix 

81 ignis 

82 aqua 

83 glacies 

84 terra 

85 mar 

86 flumen 

87 lacus 
88' vallis 

89 pratum 

90 collis, mons 

91 insula 

92 petra, saxum 

93 sal 

9- ferrum 
95 sylva 


26 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

126 

127 

128 


PHILOLOGY 


ENGLISH. 

0 

SPANISH. 

Name of tribe. 

' 

Nombre de la tribu. 

tree 

96 

arbol 

wood 

97 

madera 

leaf 

9S 

hoja 

bark 

99 

corteza 

grlss 

100 

zacate 

pine 

101 

pino 

maize 

102 

mais 

squash 

103 

calabaza 

flesh, meat 

104 

carne 

dog 

105 

perro 

buffalo 

106 

bisonte, bufalo 

bear 

107 

oso 

wolf 

108 

lobo 

fox 

109 

zorra 

deer 

110 

ciervo 

elk 

111 


beaver 

112 

castor 

rabbit, hare 

113 

conejo 

tortoise 

114 

tortuga 

horse 

115 

caballo 

fly 

116 

mosca 

mosquito 

117 

mosquito 

snake 

118 

culebra, serpiente 

rattlesnake 

119 

culebra de cascabel 

bird 

120 

ave 

egg 

121 

huevo 

feathers 

122 

plumas 

wing’s 

o 

123 

alas 

goose 

124 

ganso 

duck (mallard) 

125 

pato 

turkey 

126 

pavo, guanajo 

pigeon 

127 

pichon 

fish 

128 

pez 


PHILOLOGY. 


27 


FRENCH. 
Nom de la tribu. 

96 arbre 

97 bois 

98 feuille 

99 ecorce 

100 herbe 

101 pin 

102 mais 

103 citrouille 

104 chair 

105 chien 

106 buffle 

107 ours 

108 loup 

109 renard 

110 cerf 

111 elan 

112 castor 

113 lapin, lievre 

114 tortue 

115 cheval 

116 mouche 

117 maringouin 

118 serpent 

119 serpent a sonnettes 

120 oiseau 

121 ceuf 

122 plumes 

123 ailes 

124 oie 

125 canard 

126 dindon 

127 tourte 

128 poisson 


LATIN. 

Nomen nalionis. 

96 arbor 

97 lignum 

98 folium 

99 cortex 

100 herba 

101 pinus 

102 zea maiz * 

103 cucurbitus 

104 caro 

105 canis 

106 bison, bos americanus 

107 ursus 

108 lupus 

109 vulpes 

110 cervus 

111 cervus canadensis 

112 castor 

113 lepus 

114 testudo 

115 equus 

116 musca 

117 culex 

118 serpens 

119 crotalus 

120 avis 

121 ovum 

122 plumae 

123 alse 

124 anser 

125 anas boschas 

126 pavo 

127 columba 

128 piscis 


28 


PHILOLOGY. 


ENGLISH. 
Name of tribe. 

129 salmon 

130 sturgeon 

131 name 

132 white 

133 black 

134 red 

135 light blu$ 

136 yellow 

137 light green 

138 great, large 

139 small, little 

140 strong 

141 old 

142 young 

143 good 

144 bad 

145 dead 

146 alive 

147 cold 

148 warm, hot 

149 I 

150 thou 

151 he 

152 we 

153 ye 

154 they 

155 this 

156 that 

157 all 

158 many, much 

159 who 
ICO far 
161 near 


SPANISH. 
Nombre de la tribu. 

129 salmon 

130 esturion 

131 nombre 

132 bianco 

133 negro 

134 Colorado 

135 azul celeste 

136 amarillo 

137 verde 

138 grande 

139 pequeno 

140 fuerte 

141 viejo 

142 joven 

143 bueno 

144 malo 

145 muerto 

146 vivo 

147 frio 

148 caliente 

149 ya 

150 tu 

151 el 

152 nosotros 

153 vosotros 

154 ellos 

155 este 

156 aquel 

157 todo, todos 

158 mucho, muchos, 

159 quien 

160 lejos 

161 cerca de 



PHILOLOGY 


29 



FRENCH. 


LATIN. 


Nom de la tribu. 


Nomen nationis, 

129 

saumon 

129 

sal mo 

130 

esturgeon 

130 

sturio 

131 

Dom 

131 

nomen 

132 

blanc 

132 

albus 

133 

noir 

133 

niger 

134 

rouge 

134 

rubrum 

135 

bleu 

135 

cceruleum 

136 

jaune 

136 

amarillis 

137 

vert 

137 

viridis 

138 

grand 

138 

magnus 

130 

petit 

139 

parvus 

140 

fort 

140 

fortis 

141 

vieux 

141 

vetus 

142 

jeune 

142 

juvenis 

143 

bon 

143 

bonus 

144 

mauvais 

144 

malus 

145 

mort 

145 

mortuus 

146 

vivant 

146 

vivus 

147 

froid 

147 

frigidus 

148 

chaud 

148 

calidus 

149 

j e 

149 

ego 

150 

tu 

150 

tu 

151 

il 

151 

ille 

152 

nons 

152 

nos 

153 

vous 

153 

VOS 

154 

ils 

154 

illi 

155 

ceci 

155 

iste 

156 

cela 

156 

ille 

157 

tout, tous 

157 

omnis, totus 

'158 

beaucoup 

158 

multus 

159 

qui 

159 

qui 

160 

loin 

f 

160 

longe 

161 

pres 

161 

prope 



30 PHILOLOGY. 



ENGLISH. 


SPANISH. 


Name of tribe. 


Norribre de la tribu. 

162 

here 

162 

aqui 

163 

there 

163 

alia 

164 

to-day 

164 

hoy 

165 

yesterday 

. 165 

aver 

•/ 

166 

to-morrow 

166 

manana (el dia de) 

167 

yes 

167 

si 

168 

no 

168 

no 

169 

one 

169 

uno 

170 

two 

170 

dos 

171 

three 

171 

tres 

172 

four 

172 

cuatro 

173 

five 

173 

cinco 

174 

six 

174 

seis 

175 

seven 

175 

siete 

176 

eight 

176 

ocho 

177 

nine 

177 

nueve 

178 

ten 

178 

diez 

179 

eleven 

179 

once 

180 

twelve 

ISO 

doce 

181 

twenty 

181 

veinte 

182 

thirty 

182 

treinta 

183 

forty 

183 

cuarenta 

184 

fifty 

184 

cincuenta 

185 

sixty 

185 

sesenta 

186 

seventy 

186 

setenta 

187 

eighty 

187 

ochenta 

188 

ninety 

188 

noventa . 

189 

one hundred 

189 

ciento 

190 

one thousand 

190 

mil 

191 

to eat 

191 

comer 

192 

to drink 

192 

beber 

193 

to run 

193 

correr 

194 

to dance 

194 

bailar 





102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

192 

193 

194 


PHILOLOGY. 


31 


FRENCH. 


LATIN. 


Aom de la Iribu. Nomen nalionis. 


1C1 

162 

hie 

la 

163 

illuc 

aujourd’hui 

164 

hodie 

hier 

165 

heri 

demain 

166 

eras 

oui 

167 

ita 

non 

168 

minime 

un 

169 

unus 

deux 

170 

duo 

trois 

171 

tres 

quatre 

172 

quatuor 

cinq 

173 

quinque 

six 

174 

sex 

sept 

175 

septem 

huit 

176 

octo 

neuf 

177 

novem 

dix 

178 

decern 

onze 

179 

undecim 

douze 

180 

duodecim 

vingt 

181 

viginti 

trente 

182 

triginta 

quarante 

183 

quadraginta 

cinquante 

184 

quinquaginta 

soixante 

1S5 

sexaginta 

soixante-dix 

186 

septuaginta 

quatre-vingts 

187 

octofrinta 

o 

quatre-vingt-dix 

188 

nonaginta 

cent 

189 

centum 

mille 

190 

mille 

manger 

191 

edere * 

boire 

192 

bibere 

courir 

193 

currere 

danser 

194 

saltare 


3 


32 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 

207 

208 

209 

210 

211 


PHILOLOGY, 


ENGLISH. 


SPANISH. 


Name of tribe. Nombre de la tribu. 


to sing 

195 

cantar 

to sleep 

196 

dormir 

to speak 

197 

liablar 

to see 

198 

ver 

to love 

199 

amar 

to kill 

200 

matar 

to sit 

.201 

sentarse 

to stand 

202 

estar en pie 

to go 

203 

ir 

to come 

204 

venir 

to walk 

205 

andar 

to work 

206 

trabajar 

to steal 

207 

robar 

to lie 

208 

mentir 

to give 

209 

dar 

to laugh 

210 

reir 

to cry 

211 

gritar 





PHILOLOGY. 


33 



FRENCH. 


LATIN. 


Nom de la tribu. 


Nomen nationis. 

195 

chanter 

195 

cantare 

196 

dormir 

196 

dormire 

197 

parler 

197 

loqui 

198 

voir 

198 

videre 

199 

aimer 

199 

amare 

200 

tuer 

200 

csedere 

201 

s’asseoir 

201 

sedere 

IO 

o 

to 

se tenir debout 

202 

stare 

203 

aller 

203 

ire 

204 

venir 

204 

venire 

205 

marcher 

205 

arabulare 

206 

travailler 

206 

operari 

207, 

voler 

207 

furare 

20S 

mentir 

20S 

mentiri * 

209 

donner 

209 

dare 

210 

rire 

210 

ridere 

211 

crier 

211 

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